Concept Notes 1. What is an Antenna? 2. Basic Principle 3. Important Parameters of Antennas Gain (G): where = efficiency, = directivity. Directivity (D): Efficiency (η): Effective Aperture (Ae):...
Concept Notes 1. What is a Flip-Flop? 2. Types of Flip-Flops (a) SR (Set-Reset) Flip-Flop Characteristic Equation: (b) JK Flip-Flop Characteristic Equation: (c) D (Data or Delay) Flip-Flop Characteristic...
Concept Notes 1. Introduction OSI has 7 layers, each with specific functions. 2. OSI 7 Layers (i) Physical Layer (Layer 1) (ii) Data Link Layer (Layer 2) (iii) Network...
Concept Notes 1. Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) Modes of Operation: Key Parameters: Formula for average current in resistive load (HWR with firing angle ): 2. TRIAC (Triode for Alternating...
Concept Notes 1. What is a Microcontroller? 👉 Microcontroller = controller with memory + I/O on one chip (unlike Microprocessor which needs external components). 2. Architecture of Microcontroller Block...
1. What is IoT? 2. Core Components of IoT 3. Characteristics of IoT ⚙️ Formulas in IoT While IoT is mostly conceptual, some performance metrics are formula-based. 1. Latency...
Concept Notes 1. Introduction to Logic Gates 2. Basic Gates (a) AND Gate (b) OR Gate (c) NOT Gate 3. Universal Gates (a) NAND Gate (b) NOR Gate 4....
Concept Notes 1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) ✔️ Based on conservation of charge. Example:At a node, currents are .By KCL: 2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) ✔️ Based on conservation...
Concept Notes 1. Introduction to Amplitude Modulation (AM) 2. AM Wave Equation The general AM wave is: Where: For sinusoidal message , AM wave becomes: 3. Modulation Index (m)...
Concept Notes 1. PN Junction Diode Basics Cut-in voltage values: Example:If a silicon diode is connected in series with source and resistor: 2. Half-Wave Rectifier (HWR) Key facts: Example:If...