1. What is IoT?
- IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical devices (sensors, actuators, machines, appliances) connected to the internet.
- These devices collect, exchange, and act on data without human intervention.
2. Core Components of IoT
- Sensors/Devices → Collect data (e.g., temperature, motion, humidity).
- Connectivity → Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, 5G, LoRaWAN.
- Data Processing → Cloud servers, AI/ML, edge computing.
- User Interface → Mobile apps, dashboards, web portals.
3. Characteristics of IoT
- Interconnectivity
- Automation & Control
- Remote Monitoring
- Data-driven decision making
- Scalability
⚙️ Formulas in IoT
While IoT is mostly conceptual, some performance metrics are formula-based.
1. Latency (T):
2. Network Throughput (S):
Where:
= number of successful transmissions
= data size per transmission
= total time
3. Energy Consumption (E):
Where 
= power, = time.
🌍 Applications of IoT
- Smart Homes:
- Smart lights, thermostats, Alexa/Google Home.
- Healthcare (IoMT):
- Wearables for heart rate, glucose monitoring, remote patient care.
- Agriculture:
- Soil sensors, smart irrigation, crop monitoring.
- Transportation:
- GPS tracking, fleet management, smart traffic lights.
- Industrial IoT (IIoT):
- Predictive maintenance, robotics, supply chain optimization.
- Smart Cities:
- Waste management, street lights, air quality monitoring.
- Environment Monitoring:
- Pollution detection, disaster management.
💡 Real-Life Example
- A farmer installs IoT-based soil moisture sensors → sensors send data → cloud processes info → irrigation pump automatically switches ON when soil moisture < threshold.
👉 Saves water + increases crop yield.
🔟 10 MCQs
Q1. IoT stands for:
a) Internet of Technology
b) Internet of Things
c) Interconnection of Telecoms
d) Internet of Telemetry
Q2. Which of the following is not an IoT connectivity technology?
a) Wi-Fi
b) Bluetooth
c) Zigbee
d) MS Word
Q3. In IoT, sensors are mainly used for:
a) Data storage
b) Data collection
c) Data deletion
d) Data encryption
Q4. Which is an IoT application in healthcare?
a) Smart glucose monitoring
b) Traffic lights
c) Weather forecast
d) Smart irrigation
Q5. Latency in IoT refers to:
a) Data storage size
b) Transmission delay
c) Battery life
d) Sensor range
Q6. Which IoT layer processes raw data into useful insights?
a) Application Layer
b) Perception Layer
c) Network Layer
d) Processing Layer
Q7. An IoT device that acts (not just senses) is called:
a) Transmitter
b) Actuator
c) Router
d) Server
Q8. Which of the following is an Industrial IoT use case?
a) Predictive maintenance
b) Smart thermostat
c) Voice assistant
d) Smart TV
Q9. Energy consumption of an IoT device can be calculated as:
a) 
b)
c) 
d) 
Q10. Smart cities mainly use IoT for:
a) Gaming
b) Waste management & traffic monitoring
c) Social media
d) Music streaming
✅ Answer Key
| Q No | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q1 | b |
| Q2 | d |
| Q3 | b |
| Q4 | a |
| Q5 | b |
| Q6 | d |
| Q7 | b |
| Q8 | a |
| Q9 | b |
| Q10 | b |
🧠 Explanations
- Q1: IoT = Internet of Things.
- Q2: MS Word is software, not a connectivity tech.
- Q3: Sensors collect real-world data.
- Q4: Healthcare → smart glucose, heart rate monitors.
- Q5: Latency = transmission + processing delay.
- Q6: Processing layer handles data analytics.
- Q7: Actuators perform actions.
- Q8: Predictive maintenance = Industrial IoT.
- Q9: Energy formula =
. - Q10: Smart cities use IoT for waste & traffic control.
🎯 Motivation
“IoT is not the future, it is already here. From your smartphone to smart homes, IoT is shaping the world. Learning IoT gives you an edge in ECET and in your career as well.”
📲 CTA
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